The review examines Yukichi Fukuzawa's autobiography, highlighting his role in modernizing Japan and his humorous, insightful account of 19th century Japanese society. Longer summary

This review discusses the autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, a prominent figure in 19th century Japan whose face appears on the ¥10,000 note. The reviewer describes Fukuzawa's life, from his childhood as a low-ranking samurai to his role in modernizing Japan during the Meiji Restoration. The autobiography is praised for its humor and insights into Japanese society during a time of great change. Fukuzawa's experiences learning Dutch and English, his travels abroad, and his efforts to spread Western knowledge in Japan are highlighted. The review concludes by considering how Fukuzawa's approach to cultural arbitrage might be applied to addressing Japan's current challenges. Shorter summary

The review examines Peter Brown's book on the transformation of Western Europe and North Africa from pagan to Christian society (350-550 AD), focusing on wealth in churches and societal changes. Longer summary

This book review examines Peter Brown's 'Through the Eye of a Needle', which explores the transformation of Western Europe and North Africa from classical pagan society to medieval Christian society between 350-550 AD. The review highlights Brown's focus on the entry of wealth into Christian churches and the economic, social, and political changes during this period. It discusses the late Roman economy, the role of cities, social structures, and the collapse of the Roman state. The reviewer also offers personal insights on the competitive nature of monotheism and the inefficient equilibria in Roman society. Shorter summary

Scott Alexander argues that ancient Rome's welfare system was similar to modern progressive policies in causes and outcomes, despite different philosophical justifications. Longer summary

Scott Alexander responds to a critique of his Anti-Reactionary FAQ, specifically addressing the claim that ancient Rome's welfare system was fundamentally different from modern progressive welfare policies. He argues that while the philosophical justifications differed, the underlying causes and outcomes were similar. Scott proposes that urbanization and economic growth lead to social changes, which then produce progressive values, rather than progressive values causing social change. He uses examples of obesity, divorce rates, and welfare systems to illustrate how social and economic conditions drive policy changes, not ideology. Scott concludes that ancient Rome can be considered an early progressive society due to its similar policies and outcomes, despite different philosophical justifications. Shorter summary