This review of Masooda Bano's 'Breakdown in Pakistan' examines how Western aid systematically destroys the capacity of local voluntary organizations to mobilize collective action, replacing diverse community-driven institutions with professionalized NGOs dependent on foreign funding. Longer summary

The review explores how foreign aid unintentionally eviscerates local institutions through a process the reviewer calls creating 'NGO monocultures.' Using Masooda Bano's ethnographic research in Pakistan, it shows how voluntary organizations that once thrived on local donations and volunteers lose both when they accept Western funding and adopt professional NGO practices. The review traces several mechanisms: visible material comfort of paid staff destroys signals of sacrifice that motivated donors; donor priorities replace local problem-solving; and the possibility of payment kills volunteerism. Drawing on the reviewer's own aid work experience across multiple countries, the piece documents this pattern's global prevalence and catastrophic long-term effects. The review concludes by discussing what both traditional aid work and effective altruism could learn from Bano's analysis, emphasizing the need to preserve rather than destroy local capacity for collective action. Shorter summary

The post critically examines the impact of India's 1991 economic reforms, suggesting that the country's economic growth began earlier and that the causes are more complex than commonly believed. Longer summary

This post examines the economic reforms in India and their impact on poverty reduction and economic growth. The author challenges the widely held belief that the 1991 reforms were the primary cause of India's economic boom. By analyzing various studies and economic data, the post suggests that India's growth trajectory began earlier, possibly in the mid-1970s or early 1980s. The exact causes of this growth remain unclear, with various factors such as trade liberalization, public investment, and political attitudes towards business being potential contributors. The author also discusses the potential impact of socialist policies on developing countries and the importance of understanding these economic shifts for future policy-making and arguments against certain forms of socialism. Shorter summary